The Most Asked Questions About Labour and Birth in Antenatal Classes: Answered by a Midwife

Hi, I’m Samantha and I’m a registered midwife. I’ve answered these questions so many times in clinic and in antenatal classes that I can probably do it in my sleep (don’t worry, I won’t). 

Did you know that antenatal education helps reduce anxiety, improves birth preparedness, and increases maternal confidence, all of which are linked to better birth and postpartum outcomes. But even the best classes can’t cover everything in one sitting. And sometimes, the questions that matter most are the ones you didn’t even know you had.

Here are the most common (and most important) questions I get asked every week in our antenatal classes. Whether it’s your first baby or your fifth, if you're looking for the best guidance, you’re in the right place.

Common Pregnancy-Related Questions I Get Asked Often

These are the top pregnancy-related questions I get asked in class, including the ones moms (and dads) are a little shy to say out loud.

What Foods Should I Avoid During Pregnancy, And Is Biltong One of Them?

Let’s clear up the confusion, because pregnancy food rules can feel a little out of hand. 

The fact is, some foods do carry genuine risks in pregnancy due to the chance of harmful bacteria, toxins, or high levels of mercury. Listeria, in particular, is dangerous because even a mild infection can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe illness in a newborn.

So, what foods should you be cautious about in pregnancy?

• Unpasteurised soft cheeses (like bries, camembert, or blue-veined cheeses): These can harbour Listeria. Check the label, and if it says pasteurised, it’s generally considered safe.

  
  

• Deli meats and cold cuts: These can also carry Listeria. If you’re craving them, heat until steaming hot before eating (yes, even that ham sandwich).

  
  

• Biltong: This South African favourite is unfortunately not considered safe during pregnancy, as it’s dried, not cooked. That means there’s no heat step to kill bacteria or parasites. Rather, swap it out for well-cooked meat.

  
  

• Undercooked meat, poultry, and eggs: Always make sure your meat is cooked all the way through, and eggs have firm whites and yolks.

  
  

• Sushi: Raw fish is a no-no during pregnancy due to potential parasites, but sushi with cooked fillings (like tempura prawn or teriyaki chicken) is perfectly fine from a clean, reputable restaurant.

  
  

Then there’s high-mercury fish, like swordfish, king mackerel, or some types of tuna, these should be avoided due to risks to your baby’s developing nervous system. But don’t skip fish altogether. Low-mercury fish like hake, sardines, pilchards, and salmon are actually fantastic for your baby’s brain development. The World Health Organization encourages pregnant women to eat fish regularly, as the benefits outweigh the risks when the fish is safe.

So yes, there are rules, but they’re to keep you and your baby safe. When in doubt, cook it, wash it, or check the label. And no, you don’t have to live on crackers and fear alone.

Do I Really Need to Do Pelvic Floor Exercises During Pregnancy?

Yes, and not just so you can laugh without leaking. Regular pelvic floor exercises during pregnancy are one of the most important things you can do for your long-term pelvic health. 

Your pelvic floor is a group of muscles and connective tissue that supports your uterus, bladder, and bowel. During pregnancy, this area works extra hard to hold up your growing baby, and it also plays a major role during labour and birth. When your pelvic floor is strong and responsive, it can better handle the strain of childbirth and bounce back more easily afterward.

Research has found that women who did pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy had a much lower risk of urinary incontinence in late pregnancy and up to six months postpartum. There’s even evidence that regular pelvic floor exercises can lead to better outcomes during birth itself, such as shorter second-stage labour and reduced risk of instrumental delivery.

You don’t need any equipment. Just a few minutes a day of lifting and holding the muscles you’d use to stop the flow of urine can make a difference over time. (But don’t practice while you're actually urinating, though, that’s just for identifying the right muscles.)

Does Perineal Massage During Pregnancy Help Prevent Tearing?

Yes, there’s growing evidence that perineal massage, when started from around 34 weeks of pregnancy, may reduce the chance of tearing or needing an episiotomy during vaginal birth.

So, what is a perineal massage?

It’s a technique where you (or your partner) gently stretch and massage the area between your vaginal opening and anus, to help improve flexibility and prepare it for the stretching that happens during birth. Most women do this with clean hands and a natural oil (like vitamin E, almond, or coconut oil), a few times a week in the last month of pregnancy. 

Research has shown that antenatal perineal massage significantly reduces the likelihood of tearing that requires suturing, specifically among first-time mothers. It also reduced the risk of episiotomy, which is a surgical cut made during delivery to widen the vaginal opening. Many women also report that perineal massage was a gentle way to get used to the sensations of stretching, which some say made them feel less anxious about the second stage of labour.

It’s not for everyone, and that’s okay. If you find it uncomfortable or have certain medical conditions, skip this. Perineal massage is just one tool that you can use to prepare for birth.

If you’re curious and want to try something simple that may help reduce tearing, start gently, go slowly, and stop if anything feels wrong or painful.

What Is the Mucus Plug in Pregnancy and Should I Be Worried If It Comes Out?

The mucus plug is a thick, jelly-like barrier that seals your cervix during pregnancy, helping to keep infection out and protect your baby. It usually comes out towards the end of pregnancy as your cervix begins to soften and open in preparation for labour.

It might look like a clear or yellowish glob, sometimes streaked with blood, known as a “bloody show.” Losing it can be a sign that labour is approaching, but it doesn’t mean things are starting immediately. Labour might still be days (or even weeks) away, especially if you’re not having regular contractions.

You don’t need to panic if you lose your mucus plug, but head into the hospital immediately if:

• It’s bright red with heavy bleeding (like a period)

• It happens before 37 weeks

  
  

Otherwise, it’s a perfectly normal part of the process, and a good sign your body is getting ready for birth.

Labour & Birth Questions That Come Up in Every Antenatal Class

Labour doesn't always look like it does in the movies, your waters don't always gush, and pain doesn't always start fast. These are the questions moms ask most often about how labour begins, what to expect, and when it’s time to head to the hospital.

What’s The Difference Between Braxton Hicks And Real Contractions?

Braxton Hicks contractions are often called “practice contractions.” They’re your body’s way of preparing for labour. They’re gentle tightenings of the uterus that usually start in the third trimester (though some feel them earlier). These contractions are typically irregular, don’t get stronger over time, and tend to ease with rest, hydration, or a change in position.

True labour contractions have a clear pattern. They become longer, stronger, and closer together as labour progresses. Many women describe them as starting in the lower back and moving around to the front. Unlike Braxton Hicks, they don’t go away with a warm bath or by lying down and they usually demand your full attention.

If you're unsure which type you’re having, try drinking water, resting on your side, and timing the contractions. If they fade or stay irregular, it’s likely Braxton Hicks. But if they become more intense and regular, your body may be moving into labour.

Can My Water Break Without Contractions, and What Should I Do If My Water Breaks?

Yes, your water can absolutely break before contractions start. This is known as pre-labour rupture of membranes (PROM). For some women, it’s a dramatic gush, for others, it’s more like a slow, steady trickle that feels like you’ve just wet your panties. Either is normal, and both can catch you completely off guard.

The “water” you're seeing is amniotic fluid. Once your water breaks, that protective barrier is gone, which increases the risk of infection over time. That’s why it’s important to pay attention to the colour, smell, and timing of the leak.

If the fluid is clear or slightly pink-tinged and odourless, that’s a good sign. But if it’s green, yellow, or smells bad, it could be a sign of meconium (baby’s first poo) or infection, and you should let your healthcare provider know right away.

Many moms ask, “Do I need to rush to the hospital once my water breaks?” The answer depends on your situation. If you’re at term (37 weeks or more) and not yet contracting, you can wait at home for a few hours to see if labour starts naturally, which it often does within 24 hours. However, if you’ve had a previous fast labour, are less than 37 weeks pregnant, or your water has broken and labour hasn't started within 24 hours, rather head straight to the hospital.

Why timing is important when your water breaks

We don’t want your water breaking too early in pregnancy, before your baby is full-term. This is called preterm PROM, and it can increase the risk of complications like infection or early delivery. We also don’t want you waiting too long to come in once your water has broken at term. Prolonged rupture (typically more than 18–24 hours without labour starting) may slightly increase the risk of infection for both you and your baby.

So, what you should do is call your provider as soon as your water breaks, even if you’re not experiencing contractions yet. They’ll guide you based on how far along you are and what your fluid looks like. And if you’re unsure whether it was your waters, ask your provider; they can check with a simple test.

When Should You Go to the Hospital in Labour, and What’s the 5-1-1 Rule?

The 5-1-1 rule is a popular guideline to help you know when labour is likely established enough to head to the hospital, especially if you're planning a vaginal birth and want to avoid going in too early (or too late).

The basic rule is that you go to the hospital when your contractions are:

• 5 minutes apart

• 1 minute long

• For at least 1 hour

In other words, if your contractions are coming every five minutes, each one is lasting a full minute, and this pattern has been going on for an hour, it’s usually time to head to your birthing facility.

This is important because arriving too early in labour can sometimes lead to unnecessary interventions. According to several studies, women admitted to the hospital during the early phase of labour are more likely to receive unnecessary medical interventions. That’s why many providers usually encourage moms to labour at home as long as it's safe and manageable.

Of course, there are exceptions. You may be advised to go in earlier if:

• You’ve had a previous fast labour

• You live far from your hospital or birth unit

• You have certain medical conditions

• Your water has already broken

Remember: the 5-1-1 rule is a guide, not a strict rule. If your contractions are strong or painful (even if it’s earlier than expected), it’s always okay to go in sooner.

Is It Bad to Give Birth on Your Back?

Giving birth on your back is encouraged in many hospitals. But despite its routine use, research and experience tell us it may not always be the most effective or comfortable position for labour.

When you lie flat on your back, gravity isn’t helping your baby move down. In fact, this position can make your pelvis narrower, which might make it harder for the baby to rotate and descend. It also increases pressure on major blood vessels, which can reduce blood flow to both you and your baby. On the other hand, upright, forward-leaning, or side-lying positions (like squatting, kneeling, hands-and-knees, or lying on your side) tend to:

• Use gravity to assist with moving the baby down

• Increase the space in your pelvis

• Reduce the need for instrument delivery

• Lower your risk of tearing

• Help shorten the pushing part of labour

That said, there’s no single “right” way to give birth. What matters most is your choice and finding the position that feels right for you.

Everything You’ve Wondered About Epidurals and C-Sections

Epidurals and C-sections come with a lot of questions, and even more opinions. Whether you're planning a vaginal birth or know a caesarean might be on the cards, it's important to understand what these options involve. Here’s what most parents ask (and wish they’d asked sooner).

Is an Epidural My Only Pain Relief Option During Labour?

Epidurals are super effective, but they’re not the only way to manage pain in labour. Here are some of the other options that many moms find helpful, especially if you want to stay more mobile or keep things low-intervention for as long as possible:

Gas and air (Entonox) in labour

This is a 50/50 mix of nitrous oxide and oxygen that you breathe in through a mask or mouthpiece during contractions. It kicks in quickly, helps take the edge off, and gives you something to focus on. It won’t take the pain away completely, but it’s easy to control and wears off within minutes after you stop using it.

Warm water (bath or shower) in labour

Lying in a bath or standing under a warm shower can work wonders. It helps your body relax, reduces tension, and makes contractions feel more manageable. Research shows that labouring in water can lower your chances of needing an epidural and often makes the experience feel calmer and more positive.

TENS machine (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) in labour

A TENS machine uses small sticky pads placed on your lower back that send out mild electrical pulses. These pulses help block pain signals and trigger your body’s natural pain relief hormones. It works best in early labour and is especially helpful if you’re having a lot of back pain.

Breathing and Relaxation Techniques in labour

Simple, slow breathing can help you stay calm, keep oxygen flowing to your baby, and give you a sense of control during contractions. This is a big focus in hypnobirthing, and it really helps if you’ve practiced a bit before.

Massage and movement in labour

Massage (especially on the lower back or hips) can ease pain and tension. Walking, leaning forward, rocking on a birth ball, or changing positions can also make contractions feel more manageable and help labour progress.

The best pain relief option is the one that feels right for you. Some moms combine methods, while others prefer to wait and see how things unfold. Our antenatal classes guide you through all the choices, so you know all the options.

Is an Epidural/Spinal Block During Labour/C-Section Safe for My Baby?

This is a really common concern, especially for first-time parents. The short answer is: no, epidurals are not considered harmful to your baby.

Epidurals are the most widely used form of pain relief during labour, and spinal blocks are almost always used for a c-section. They involve placing a small tube into the space around your spinal cord and delivering anaesthetic and pain medication. This blocks pain signals from the lower half of your body, giving effective relief, but it doesn't mean you're completely numb or disconnected from the birth.

According to major studies and guidelines, epidurals/spinal blocks are not linked to long-term health issues in babies. The medication used in an epidural/spinal block stays mostly in your spinal fluid, with only a very small amount reaching your baby through the bloodstream.

That said, like all medical interventions, epidurals can have some short-term effects:

• Labour may slow down slightly

• Pushing may take longer

• Your baby’s heart rate may need closer monitoring

  
  

In rare cases, babies born after an epidural/spinal block may be a little bit more sleepy right after birth, especially if other medications were also used. But this doesn’t mean they’re harmful. Your baby may just need a little more skin-to-skin time and help latching in the early hours.

Epidurals/spinal blocks are safe for most moms and babies, and for many people, they make a long or intense labour more manageable.

How Many C-Sections Can You Safely Have?

There’s no one number, but in general, many women can safely have two or even three C-sections without complications. After that, things can get a little more complex, but not automatically risky.

Each caesarean adds a bit more scar tissue to your uterus, which can increase the chances of certain complications in future pregnancies, like placenta previa (where the placenta covers the cervix) or placenta accreta (where the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall). There’s also a slight increase in the risk of uterine rupture if you go into labour after multiple C-sections.

That said, plenty of women have gone on to have 3, 4, or even more C-sections safely, as long as their care team is monitoring things closely and each birth is planned with previous surgeries in mind.

If you're thinking about growing your family after a C-section, chat to your doctor or midwife early on. They’ll take into account how your uterus is healing and your overall health before advising you on what’s safest.

Can I Have a Vaginal Birth After a C-Section (VBAC), and Is It Safe?

Yes, in many cases, having a vaginal birth after a caesarean (VBAC) is not only possible, but also safe. It’s a common question for second-time moms, especially if your first birth ended in an unplanned C-section. 

About 60–80% of women who try for a VBAC have a successful vaginal birth.

VBAC can be a great option for those who want to avoid the longer recovery of a repeat C-section or are hoping for a more active labour experience. It also carries a lower risk of surgical complications, infection, and blood loss compared to a repeat caesarean. Plus, if you're planning more children in the future, avoiding multiple C-sections may reduce your risk of complications like placenta accreta or uterine scarring.

The main risk with VBAC is uterine rupture, which is rare but serious. It happens in less than 1% of VBAC labours and is more likely if you’ve had multiple previous surgeries or certain types of incisions. This is why VBAC should always happen in a hospital with access to surgical care.

VBAC is a safe and empowering option for many moms. But like everything in birth, it depends on your health and where you're giving birth. Talk to your provider early in pregnancy so you can plan together.

Every pregnancy is different, and so is every birth. It’s completely normal to have a lot of questions, especially when you're trying to prepare for something you’ve never experienced before (or only been through once). That’s why understanding the basics and the not-so-basic really matters.

Having clear, evidence-based answers can ease anxiety, help you make informed choices, and give you the confidence to approach labour, birth, and baby care with a bit more calm. You don’t need to know everything. You need to feel supported while you find your way.

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Ready to Feel Confident About Birth?

Our antenatal classes go beyond the basics. We cover the real stuff, from epidurals to mucus plugs, baby poo to birthing positions, all in a supportive space. Whether you're a first-timer or just need a refresher, you'll leave feeling well prepared.

➡️ Check class dates and book your spot

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